مهاجرت و توسعه: آورده‌های مهاجرت‌های بین‌المللی برای کشورهای مبدأ

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی، بخش جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

2 دانشیار اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

10.22034/jscc.2023.19871.1075

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: در طول تاریخ جامعه بشری، پدیده مهاجرت هم شکل‌دهنده به تغییرات اجتماعی و هم جزء نتایج و پیامدهای برآمده از تغییرات اجتماعی بوده است؛ در دهه‌های اخیر، افزایش مهاجرت‌ها در مقیاس بین‌المللی، سیاست‌گذاران و برنامه‌ریزان کشورهای در حال توسعه و مهاجرفرست را نگران کاهش سرمایه‌های انسانی و به تأخیر افتادن فرآیند توسعه کرده است. برای پاسخ به این نگرانی باید بررسی کرد که در بلندمدت این مهاجرت‌ها را می‌توان تسهیل‌گر مسیر توسعه و یا کاهنده سرمایه‌های انسانی کشورهای مبدأ دانست؟

 
روش و داده‌ها: نظر به کلان‌بودن موضوع، پژوهش حاضر از نوع مطالعات مروری روایتی بوده که با انتخاب بازه زمانی 2000 تا 2022 میلادی و با رویکردی توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی مطالعات منتخب و متناسب با این موضوع، در ادبیات جهانی این حوزه پرداخته است.

 
یافته‌ها: بازخوانی ادبیات پژوهشی موجود نشان می‌دهد جریان مهاجرت‌های بین‌المللی نه تنها انتفاع فردی برای مهاجران و خانواده‌های‌شان دارد بلکه، می‌تواند منافع متعددی نیز برای کشورهای مبدأ به ارمغان ‌آورد. لذا به‌نظر می‌رسد که این مهاجرت‌ها برای کشورهای مبدأ، بیش از آن‌که کاهنده سرمایه‌های انسانی باشند، منوط به شیوه بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت‌های آن، بتواند تسهیل‌گر مسیر توسعه باشد. البته در مواردی نیز این مهاجرت‌ها ممکن است همراه با تبعاتی برای مهاجران و کشورهای‌شان باشد به‌طوری که سطوح توسعه مورد نظر را با تهدید روبرو کرده و یا به تعویق اندازد.

 
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: آنچه هویداست لزوم توجّه به پدیده مهاجرت بین‌المللی به‌عنوان مصداقی از آزادی انتخاب و حق انتفاع افراد و اجتماعات از این گزینه و مزایای آن در مسیر زندگی خویش است. دولت‌ها باید سیاست‌هایی را دنبال کنند که مخاطرات مهاجرت‌ها را کاهش و منافع آن را افزایش دهند. با توجّه به یافته‌های مقاله، تشکیل «سازمان ملّی مهاجرت» به منظور مدیریّت مهاجرت‌های بین‌المللی در جهت ارتقای توسعه کشور پیشنهاد شده است.

 
پیام اصلی: دولت‌ها می‌بایست در برنامه‌ریزی‌های جمعیّتی، نگرش به مهاجرت‌های بین‌المللی را از تهدید به فرصت تغییر داده و با برنامه‌ریزی برای بهره‌مندی از توانمندی‌های این مهاجران در راستای توسعه کشور گام بردارند. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Migration and Development: Benefits of International Migration for Origin Countries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Sharifi 1
  • Rouhalah Shahnazi 2
1 PhD Candidate in Sociology, Department of Sociology and Social planning, Factually of Economics Management and Social Sciences. Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Aim: Migration has been a historical phenomenon that reflects and affects social changes in societies. In recent decades, the growing scale and complexity of international migration have raised concerns among policymakers and planners in developing (or migrant-sending) countries, who face the challenges of human capital loss and development delay in their own countries. This study examines the question of whether these migrations can be seen as a facilitator of development course or as a reducer of human capital in the long run for the countries of origin?
 
Methods and Data: The present study is a narrative review that analyzes relevant literature from 2000 to 2022 using a descriptive-analytical approach.
 
Findings: Results show that international migration follows have individual and collective benefits for migrants, their families, and their origin countries. Depending on how the capacities of the migrants are utilized, these migrations may also have negative impacts or challenges for development. In other word, as litrature suggests, international migration does not necessarily reduce human capital, but depending on the way of using its capacities, it can facilitate development for the origin countries.
 
Conclusion: The phenomenon of international migration, which reflects the freedom of choice and the common right of individuals and communities to benefit from this option in their lives, requires careful attention from policymakers and planners. Governments should adopt policies that increase the benefits and reduce the risks of migration for their communities.
 
Key Message: Governments of migration-sending countries should change their attitude towards international migration from a merely threat to a possible opportunity in their population planning and take necessary steps to benefit from the potentials of these immigrants in the direction of their own country's development.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • International migration؛ Development
  • Economic benefits of migration؛ Social benefits of migration؛ Origin countries

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