معمای کارآمدی در مدیریت تنوع‌های قومی (مقایسه هند و آلمان): نظریه ترکیبی، شاخص‌ها و ارزیابی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق، علوم سیاسی و تاریخ، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف:  در چشم‌انداز سیاست جهانی معاصر، تنوع قومی و فرهنگی یک واقعیت پایدار و گریزناپذیر است که هم می‌تواند منبعی برای غنای فرهنگی باشد و هم برای ثبات سیاسی و یکپارچگی دولت‌ها چالشی جدی به وجود آورد. این مقاله با پیوند دادن رویکرد نهادگرایانه هوروویتز در مقابل رویکرد لیبرال-چندفرهنگی کیملیکا و رویکرد فرآیندمحور ویمر، یک چارچوب تبیینی ترکیبی برای توضیح موفقیت یا شکست فدرالیسم ارائه می‌دهد تا بتواند به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که نظام‌های فدرال در هند و آلمان تا چه حد و از طریق چه سازوکارهایی موفق به مدیریت کارآمد تنوع قومی و فرهنگی شده‌اند.
 
روش و دادهها: این مقاله، از یک طرح مطالعه مقایسه‌ای-کیفی در قالب استراتژی مقایسه نظام‌های حداکثر متفاوت (هند و آلمان) استفاده می‌کند. این طرح همچنین شامل یک رویکرد ترکیب روش‌ها است. در حالی‌که تحلیل اصلی، کیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل تاریخی-نهادی است، از داده‌های کمی برای عملیاتی‌سازی و سنجش متغیر وابسته (کارآمدی نظام فدرال) و برخی از جنبه‌های متغیرهای مستقل (فرم نهادی فدرالیسم و ظرفیت دولت-ملت‌سازی) استفاده می‌شود.
 
یافتهها: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که مدل تلفیقی آلمان به دلیل حمایت یک دولت رفاه قوی، در ادغام مهاجران نسبتاً موفق است. فدرالیسم تطبیقی دموکراتیک هند نیز در مدیریت تنوع زبانی موفق بوده، اما در نابرابری‌های عمیقی در دسترسی به خدمات عمومی برای گروه‌های حاشیه‌ای ناموفق بوده است.
 
بحث و نتیجهگیری: تحلیل‌ها نشان می‌دهند که شکل نهادی فدرالیسم به تنهایی یک پیش‌بینی‌کننده ضعیف برای کارآمدی است. در مقابل ظرفیت دولت-ملت‌سازی، به‌ویژه توانایی دولت در ارائه عادلانه کالاهای عمومی، متغیری تعیین‌کننده محسوب می‌شود.
 
پیام اصلی: این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که در فقدان یا ضعف ظرفیت دولت در توزیع عادلانه کالاهای عمومی، ملت‌سازی و ایجاد اعتماد میان‌گروهی، تاسیس یک نظام فدرال نمی‌­تواند به مدیریت بهتر تنوع‌­های قومی و حل منازعات قومی منجر شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Puzzle of Efficiency in the Management of Ethnic Diversity (A Comparison of India and Germany): Combined Theory, Indicators and Evaluation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeed Attar
  • Arash Mandanizadeh
  • Elham Rasooli Saniabadi
Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law, Political Science and History, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Aim: In the contemporary global political landscape, ethnic and cultural diversity represents an enduring reality that can serve as a source of cultural enrichment or pose a serious challenge to the political stability and integrity of states. By linking Horowitz's institutionalist approach, Kymlicka's liberal-multicultural approach and Wimmer's process-oriented approach, this article offers a hybrid explanatory framework to explain the conditions under which federalism succeeds or fails. Specifically, it addresses the extent to which, and the mechanisms through which, federal systems in India and Germany have effectively managed ethnic and cultural diversity.
 
Data and Method: This paper employs a comparative qualitative research design based on a Most Different Systems Design (MDSD) comparing India and Germany, supplemented by a mixed-methods empirical approach. While the primary analysis relies on qualitative historical-institutional analysis, quantitative data are used to operationalize and measure the dependent variable (the effectiveness of the federal system) and key aspects of the independent variables (the institutional form of federalism and state-nation-building capacity).
 
Findings: The findings suggest that the German integration model —supported by a strong welfare state—has been relatively successful in integrating immigrant populations. Conversely, India's accommodationist democratic federalism has also been successful in managing linguistic diversity, yet it has failed to eliminate deep inequalities in access to public services for marginalized groups.
 
Conclusion: The analysis shows that the institutional form of federalism alone is a weak predictor of system effectiveness. Instead, state-nation-building capacity—particularly the state's ability to provide public goods equitably—is the determining variable.
 
Key Message: This article shows that in the absence or weakness of the state's capacity to fairly distribute public goods, build nation-building, and build intergroup trust, the establishment of a federal system cannot lead to better management of ethnic diversity and resolution of ethnic conflicts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Federalism
  • Germany
  • India
  • Management of ethnic diversity
  • Nation-building
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